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In the course of the adoption of "The Star-Spangled Banner" as the national anthem of the United States, a variety of people have either sung or performed the anthem using a variety of instruments and methods. Some of these methods include using only one instrument, such as a guitar or trumpet. Other methods have included singing the anthem using different vocal ranges or even changing some of the words to show support for a home team or for an event. However, veterans groups have spoken out on occasion about these recordings, mainly calling them disrespectful to the country and to the anthem. ==Versions== Igor Stravinsky's first of his four 1941 arrangements of the "Star-Spangled Banner" led to an incident on January 15, 1944 with the Boston police, but "Boston Police Commissioner Thomas F. Sullivan said there would be no action."〔 (Subscription access)〕 "After Stravinsky conducted it with the Boston Symphony for the first time in 1944, the police informed the composer of a Massachusetts law against tampering with national property,〔 〕 and removed the parts from Symphony Hall."〔as cited by Paul Thom in The Musician as Interpreter, Penn State Press 2007, p.50〕 The incident soon established itself as a myth in which Stravinsky was supposedly arrested for playing the music.〔, page 152〕 One of the most controversial renditions of the anthem was Jimi Hendrix's solo guitar performance at the 1969 Woodstock Festival, captured on the documentary film of the event. Hendrix played the anthem with a number of distorted regressions — some mimicking the "rockets" and "bombs" of the anthem's lyrics — to great acclaim from the audience. It was voted 52nd on the list of the 100 greatest guitar solos of all time by readers of ''Guitar World'' Magazine. Hendrix also recorded a studio version of The Star-Spangled Banner some time before Woodstock festival. That version features numerous guitar tracks played through octave shifting effects. The studio version is available on the ''Rainbow Bridge'' album and ''Cornerstones'' collection. An early controversial version was performed by José Feliciano at the 1968 World Series, a rendition that Feliciano has said negatively affected his career.()() His folk/blues approach did not sit well with everyone, but Detroit Tigers announcer Ernie Harwell, a musician in his own right, liked it and defended it (as noted in the CD collection, ''Ernie Harwell's Audio Scrapbook''.) Over the early years of U.S. television broadcasts it became common practice by many stations to close their broadcast day, usually late at night or early in the mornings, by airing the Star Spangled Banner accompanied by some visual image of the flag or some patriotic theme. One audio-visual arrangement in particular, entitled "National Anthem," 〔Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third Series, Volume 25, parts 12-13, Number 1, 1971 - pp 124, 170- Copyright date 24Jun71, Registration number MP21675 -〕 was produced by a New York-based graphics firm, Saxton Graphic Associates, Ltd. The uncommonly complex and interesting orchestral arrangement of the Star Spangled Banner commences with a trumpet fanfare then the anthem is accompanied by images that illustrate several of the highlights of the history of the United States of America, culminating with an image from 1969 of an Apollo 11 astronaut standing on the Moon by the US flag. Several television stations aired this including WNEW-TV in New York (through 1978), and Washington DC WDVM-TV channel 9. There is no reference to whom arranged the music, nor to what orchestra performed it though numerous sites on the Internet host messages inquiring about this and where the original music might be found today. Another famous rendition of the anthem was that of Marvin Gaye at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game at The Forum in Inglewood, California. Gaye's highly soul-flavored performance also received much acclaim from the crowd. Prior to Game 5 of the 1986 World Series, Smokey Robinson performed the national anthem before switching to the final four lines of America the Beautiful after "...that our flag was still there." Other notable blendings of both songs included those by the Whiffenpoofs prior to the 1989 World Series opener and by singer Natalie Cole at Super Bowl XXVIII. The entire crowd at Madison Square Garden cheered loudly when New York Rangers anthem singer John Amirante sang a stirring rendition of the Canadian and American national anthems before the Rangers win over the Vancouver Canucks in Game 7 of the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals. The National Hockey League requires arenas in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "O Canada" (Canadian national anthem) at games that involve teams from both countries, a practice that has also been picked up by Major League Baseball. However, from 1997, when interleague play began in baseball until 2004 when the Montreal Expos moved to Washington, only the Canadian anthem would be played at games between the Expos and the Toronto Blue Jays. One exception to this came in 2004, when three Expos "home" games were played in San Juan, Puerto Rico (a commonwealth of the United States). At those games, both the American and Canadian national anthems were played, as was La Borinqueña (the commonwealth anthem of Puerto Rico). Five years later, when Wayne Gretzky played his final game, Amirante changed the line of "O'er the land of the free" to "O'er the land of Wayne Gretzky" to reflect Gretzky's retirement.〔 Robert Merrill sang the national anthem at seven World Series games, more than any other performer, and all seven came at Yankee Stadium: in Game 3 of the 1976, 1978, and 1999 World Series, at the 1977, 1981 and 1996 World Series openers, and Game 2 of the 1998 World Series. Rock singer Meat Loaf performed a critically acclaimed and well lauded version of the national anthem at the 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Some popular traditions at sporting events involve the crowd shouting "O!" at the beginning of the final stanza at Baltimore Orioles games; as well as Houston Rockets fans shouting out their team's name when the line "And the rockets' red glare" is sung; and the pluralization of the final word at Atlanta Braves games. Dallas Stars fans yell their team's name when the word "stars" is sung. In contrast, in the San Francisco Bay Area, the word "star" and its plurization are booed whenever a Dallas-area team is the home team's opponent, this is in deference to the Stars being a frequent opponent of the San Jose Sharks. LSU fans also often sing along and change the word "brave" in "...and the home of the brave" with "Tigers" in reference to their mascot during sporting events. Fans of the California Golden Bears (espcially students) yell "blue" in place of "red" in "rockets' red glare" (as red is the primary color of their rival, the Stanford Cardinal) in addition to changing "home of the brave" to "home of the bears" and emphasizing "UC" and "gold" in "oh say can you see" and "star-spangled" respectively. Allusions to the tune appear in a number of classical works. For example, Richard Wagner's "American Centennial March", commissioned for the centennial of U.S. independence in 1876, appears to repeatedly quote part of the theme. Sergei Rachmaninoff arranged it for solo piano. The beginning of the song is also used in the beginning of the march titled "National Emblem". Giacomo Puccini used the opening notes as a motif throughout his opera Madama Butterfly. "The Pneu World" for cello and piano, H.163 (1925) by Frank Bridge is a parody on the opening bars of "The Star-Spangled Banner". The tune is the basis of the tone poem Homage for Orchestra Op. 31 by James Cohn. The Mormon Tabernacle Choir's recorded version solved the range problem as any mixed choir might—with the male voices carrying the main melody in the lower part of the range, and the female voices carrying the upper part of the range while the male voices provide lower-keyed harmony. The MTC version also contains a rare singing of the fourth verse as well as the first. Composer John Williams wrote two new arrangements, one for the Rose Bowl and one for a Red Sox playoff game at Fenway Park. Chicago Cubs public address announcer Wayne Messmer has performed the anthem on many occasions before Cubs games at Wrigley Field. Messmer more notably sang the Anthem before Chicago Blackhawks games in the 1980s and 1990s at the old Chicago Stadium where the crowd notoriously roared throughout the performance (and still does at the United Center with current singer Jim Cornelison). The most famous of Messmer's turns with the song was his performance before the 1991 NHL All-Star Game at the Chicago Stadium shortly after the ground attack in the Gulf broke out and just a week before Whitney Houston's performance at Super Bowl XXV. There was a fierce display of patriotism with flags waving and sparklers going off throughout the Old Gray Lady on Madison Street during Messmer's rendition as well as the roaring hockey fans completely drowning out the massive Barton Organ and nearly drowning out Messmer's vocals, again, a tradition at Blackhawk games. The anthem is also sung by residents of New York for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami for the relief of US$30 million for the victims of the disaster. Beyoncé Knowles performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 at Reliant Stadium, in Houston in February 1, 2004. The song entered the U.S. Hot Digital Tracks chart at No. 37.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Billboard - Hot Digital Tracks (2004-02-21) )〕 R. Kelly performed the anthem with a soul arrangement at the 2005 boxing match Bernard Hopkins vs. Jermain Taylor.〔()〕 The performance caused some controversy, as it was accompanied by step dancers and he told the audience to "clap your hands, y'all" (like in a concert) during the anthem.〔(The meaning of patriotism ), ESPN Page 2.〕〔(Oh say have you seen…R. Kelly's national anthem? ), Entertainment Weekly〕 Three versions of "The Star-Spangled Banner" have made the Hot Country Songs charts. The first was an a cappella version by Ricochet, recorded for the Columbia Records album ''NASCAR: Hotter than Asphalt'', which charted at number 58 in July 1996. Faith Hill's version, recorded at the 2000 Super Bowl, reached number 35 on the same chart, and number 18 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles in September 2001.〔Whitburn, p. 189〕 A 2012 rendition by The Band Perry charted at number 59. After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down the Defense of Marriage Act, Lady Gaga performed the anthem at New York's gay pride parade, changing the last word to "gay". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Performances and adaptations of The Star-Spangled Banner」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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